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Lipomatosis, multiple symmetric: A disorder characterized by painless symmetrical diffuse deposits of fat beneath the skin of the neck, upper trunk, arms and legs.

The condition is thought to be genetic although its exact mode of inheritance is uncertain. It may be a mitochondrial DNA disease. It frequently appears in association with alcoholic liver disease, macrocytic anemia ("low blood" with big red blood cells) and peripheral neuropathy (disease of the peripheral nervous system, as opposed to the brain and spinal cord). The peripheral neuropathy has often been laid to alcoholism, but the neuropathy is likely an integral part of the syndrome.

This disorder affects mainly men and is more frequent in the Mediterranean area. It has been suggested that the distribution of fat in multiple symmetric lipomatosis resembles that of a pre-Roman (6th century BC) Italic statue called the Capestrano warrior discovered in the Abruzzi region of Italy.

Multiple symmetric lipomatosis is also known as cephalothoracic lipodystrophy, the Launois-Bensaude syndrome and Madelung disease. It was called 'fat neck' (Fetthals) by Madelung in 1888.

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